Although the general concept of nanotechnology relies on exploitation of size-dependent properties of nanoscaled materials, the relation between the size/morphology of nanoparticles with their biological activity remains not well understood. Therefore, we aimed at investigating the biological activity of Se nanoparticles, one of the most promising candidates of nanomaterials for biomedicine, possessing the same crystal structure, but differing in morphology (nanorods vs. spherical particles) and aspect ratios (AR, 11.5 vs. 22.3 vs. 1.0) in human cells and BALB/c mice. Herein, we report that in case of nanorod-shaped Se nanomaterials, AR is a critical factor describing their cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. However, spherical nanoparticles (AR 1.0) do not fit this statement and exhibit markedly higher cytotoxicity than lower-AR Se nanorods. Beside of cytotoxicity, we also show that morphology and size substantially affect the uptake and intracellular fate of Se nanomaterials. In line with in vitro data, in vivo i.v. administration of Se nanomaterials revealed the highest toxicity for higher-AR nanorods followed by spherical nanoparticles and lower-AR nanorods. Moreover, we revealed that Se nanomaterials are able to alter intracellular redox homeostasis, and affect the acidic intracellular vesicles and cytoskeletal architecture in a size- and morphology-dependent manner. Although the tested nanoparticles were produced from the similar sources, their behavior differs markedly, since each type is promising for several various application scenarios, and the presented testing protocol could serve as a concept standardizing the biological relevance of the size and morphology of the various types of nanomaterials and nanoparticles.

Northeast Asian continental margins contain the products of magma emplacement driven by prolonged subduction of the (paleo-)Pacific plate. As observed in many Cordilleran arcs, magmatic evolution in this area was punctuated by high-volume pulses amid background periods. The present study investigates the early evolution of the Cretaceous magmatic flare-up using new and published geochronological, geochemical, and O-Hf isotope data from plutonic rocks in the southern Korean Peninsula. After a long (∼50 m.y.) magmatic hiatus and the development of the Honam Shear Zone through flat-slab subduction, the Cretaceous flare-up began with the intrusion of monzonites, granodiorites, and granites in the inboard Gyeonggi Massif and the intervening Okcheon Belt. Compared to Jurassic granitoids formed during the former flare-up, Albian (∼111 Ma) monzonites found in the Eopyeong area of the Okcheon Belt have distinctly higher zircon εHf(t) (−7.5 ± 1.3) and δ18O (7.78‰ ± 0.25‰) values and lower whole-rock La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios. The voluminous coeval granodiorite and granite plutons in the Gyeonggi Massif are further reduced in Sr/Y and to a lesser extent, in La/Yb, and have higher zircon εHf(t) values (−13 to −19) than the Precambrian basement (ca. −30). These chemical and isotopic features indicate that Early Cretaceous lithospheric thinning, most likely resulting from delamination of tectonically and magmatically overthickened lithospheric keel that was metasomatized during prior subduction episodes, and consequent asthenospheric upwelling played vital roles in igniting the magmatic flare-up. The O-Hf isotopic ranges of synmagmatic zircons from the Albian plutons and their Paleoproterozoic and Jurassic inheritance attest to the involvement of lithospheric mantle and crustal basement in magma generation during this decratonization event. Arc magmatism then migrated trenchward and culminated in the Late Cretaceous, yielding widespread granitoid rocks emplaced at shallow crustal levels. The early Late Cretaceous (94-85 Ma) granites now prevalent in Seoraksan-Woraksan-Sokrisan National Parks are highly silicic and display flat chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns with deep Eu anomalies. Synmagmatic zircons in these granites mimic their host rock’s chemistry. Delamination-related rejuvenation of crustal protoliths is indicated by zircon εHf(t) values of granites (−6 to −20) that are consistently higher than the Precambrian basement value. Concomitant core-to-rim variation in zircon O-Hf isotopic compositions reflects a typical sequence of crustal assimilation and fresh input into the magma chamber.

The Mufushan Complex (MFSC), located in northeastern Hunan, is a significant producer of Nb-Ta-Li-Be rare metals in South China. The present study examines the genetic relationship, material provenance, fluid evolution, and metallogeny of the co-developed ore-free pegmatite (OFP) and ore-bearing pegmatite (OBP) in granite-related pegmatite-type Nb-Ta rare-metal deposits in MFSC. Three minerals (columbite-tantalite (coltan), zircon, and monazite) were chosen for analysis. The coltan grains display both primary crystallization structures (crystal homogeneity, oscillatory zonings, and primary growth rims) resulting from equilibrium and disequilibrium reactions due to localized changes in the physicochemical conditions and environment, as well as later replacement structures (alteration rims, patches, irregular zonations, and complex zonations) from metasomatic replacement processes related to hydrothermal fluid activity. The coltan yielded two weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 138.1 ± 2.1 Ma and 125.3 ± 2.0 Ma corresponding to magmatic and hydrothermal Nb-Ta mineralization ages. For the OFP, zircons also yielded two weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 138.4 ± 0.8 Ma and 131.5 ± 0.7 Ma, whereas monazite gave a weighted mean U-Pb age 142.9 ± 1.2 Ma. The ages of 142-138 Ma and 131 Ma represent the early and late stages of OFP crystallization and barren pegmatites in the MFSC, respectively. Zircon Lu-Hf isotopic compositions link rare-metal metallogenesis to the Lengjiaxi Group, which was the source material to the Mufushan composite batholith. Calculated εHf(t) values and TDM2 ages from the OFP (−7.6 to −3.6 and 1676-1418 Ma, respectively) and the OBP (−14.1 to +4.9 and 2976-1548 Ma, respectively) are akin to those of schists and metasandstones of the metasedimentary Lengjiaxi Group. We propose a long-lived (ca. 13-Myr) event involving two metallogenic episodes of Nb-Ta mineralization in the Mufushan region. This study demonstrates the potential of zircon, coltan, and monazite for fingerprinting minerals and classifying the mineralization potential of pegmatite veins.

Solar desalination has been extensively investigated as a promising candidate for solving freshwater shortage but developing an expandable evaporator with excellent salt resistance and evaporation performance is still a challenge in practical application. In this work, inspired by the color effect between abandoned tea and rusty iron nails, a ferric tannate/gallate with full-spectrum absorption and low cost characteristics was prepared as a high-performance photothermal conversion material and further employed to develop an expandable ferric tannate/gallate polyurethane sponge evaporator for efficient solar desalination accompanied by outstanding salt resistance in NaCl solution with high salinity. The results showed that the developed evaporator had an evaporation rate of 1.76 kg m−2 h−1 with a corresponding evaporation efficiency of 89.7 % at 1 kW m−2 illumination. Moreover, this evaporator possessed splendid recyclability and superior salt tolerance in 20 wt% NaCl solution due to its hydrophilicity and sufficient transport channels for salt and water. It was also proved by outdoor experiment that the system with 1 m2 evaporator was able to provide more than 7.5 kg freshwater per day for satisfying individual daily survival demand. This work demonstrated that an easy-to-implement and practical expandable ferric tannate/gallate polyurethane sponge evaporator exhibited enormous potential in the field of solar desalination.

Devonian-Carboniferous strata in the Hida Gaien belt, Southwest Japan, are characterized by a change in the dominant lithology from clastic rocks and limestones to volcanic rocks. The sandstone compositions and detrital zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Devonian sedimentary rocks were derived from various basement rocks, including granite and basalt, that were uplifted, exposed, and eroded during the Early-Middle Devonian (398-383 Ma). The source of sediment to these strata changed to basalts and rhyolites in the early Carboniferous (∼346 Ma). Early Carboniferous bimodal volcanic rocks are present in the Hida Gaien and South Kitakami belts, the southeastern margin of the South China block (Hainan), and the Jilin area (NE China) of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The Cambrian-Silurian zircon grains (540-480 Ma and 460-420 Ma) in the Hida Gaien belt were derived from arc basement of a similar age to the South Kitakami and Kurosegawa belts, the Jiamusi-Khanka-Bureya (NE China and the Russian Far East) and Songliao-Xilinhot (Inner Mongolia) blocks in the eastern CAOB, and the eastern South China and Indochina blocks. The Devonian strata also contain Precambrian zircon grains derived from Mesoarchean basement (∼3000 Ma) and the Grenvillian tectonothermal event (∼1000 Ma), suggesting sediment supply from NE Gondwana (the Thomson and Lachlan orogens of eastern Australia) or related continental remnants. Detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra similar to those of the Devonian strata of the Hida Gaien belt are also observed in Silurian-Devonian metasedimentary rocks in the Jilin area. During the early Paleozoic, the Hida Gaien belt, the eastern margin of the South China block, and the magmatic arcs and microcontinents in the eastern CAOB were located close to NE Gondwana along the western margin of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.

The Qilian Orogen in the northern Tibetan plateau records the tectonic history of the Proto-Tethys Ocean from its initial spreading, subduction to final closure. However, the timing of subduction initiation, subduction polarity and arc volcanic processes of the Proto-Tethys Ocean remain controversial. In this contribution, we present geochronological and Hf isotopic studies for 812 detrital zircons from blueschist- to eclogite-facies metamorphic sedimentary rocks from the trench and accretionary wedge in the Proto-Tethys subduction zone in the North Qilian suture zone. Out of all the U-Pb age data, the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic zircons reveal the timing of opening and closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. We show that ∼50 % of the original sediments were derived from the arc-related magmas, with ages ranging from 535 Ma to 441 Ma. This range represents the time from subduction initiation to closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean in the Qilian Orogen. Based on the closer resemblance of statistical ages to the crust to the north (Alxa) than the south (Central Qilian), we believe the initial subduction polarity of the Proto-Tethys Ocean is northward. The corresponding εHf(t) values (−11 ∼ +15) shows characteristics of continental arc formed by subduction process. The massive intrusion of arc magma during subduction led to a significant crustal growth, and the crustal thickness estimates based on Eu anomalies indicate that the thickness of the continental margin varies from ∼60 km at 500-490 Ma to ∼45 km at ca. 450 Ma, suggesting an evolution process from compression to back-arc extension.

The East Kunlun Orogen (EKO), a crucial Tethys composite accretionary belt in the northern Tibetan Plateau, experienced a polyphase tectonic history during an orogenic evolution from the Proto-Tethys to the Paleo-Tethys oceans. It is thus an ideal natural laboratory for tracing the Tethys orogenic cycles. Although numerous studies have been done on the geologic evolution of the East Kunlun Orogen, the timing of initial subduction, final closure, and the transition from the Proto-Tethys to the Paleo-Tethys still remain controversial. This study presents U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses of 794 detrital zircons from three modern river drainage samples and two sedimentary samples in the EKO. The analysed zircons cluster in five age groups: 2900-2100 Ma, 1900-1300 Ma, 1200-730 Ma, 550-370 Ma, and 290-200 Ma, in which almost 67 % are of Phanerozoic age. The εHf(t) values of the 550-370 Ma detrital zircons have a broad range from −28.8 to + 15.9 and exhibit a trend towards positive values, suggesting that subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean initiated at ca. 550 Ma and accretion of the continental arc occurred with increasing addition of mantle material. The εHf(t) values (−8 to + 13) of 290-200 Ma detrital zircons have no obvious evolutionary trend, reflecting the continuous crust-mantle interaction during the evolution of Paleo-Tethys arc. Our results, combined with previous research, reveal two discontinuous and distinct orogenic cycles from the Proto-Tethys to the Paleo-Tethys in the EKO: the Proto-Tethys orogenic cycle from oceanic subduction to continental collision and orogenic collapse at ca. 550-370 Ma, and orogenesis of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean at ca. 290-200 Ma in the EKO, with a gap of ∼ 80 Myr, during which time there was no subduction, and the extensional setting resulted in rare identifiable zircon record.

Paleoproterozoic granite gneiss (GGn), mafic volcanics, and associated quartzite are exposed widely in the outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, which form an integral part of the Lesser Himalayan belt. Field relation, phase petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopes of GGn and enclosed microgranular enclaves (ME) have been investigated to infer the magmatic processes, tectonic setting and its implications on understanding the Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the north Indian block (NIB). The U-Pb zircon crystallization ages of GGn (1824 ± 16 Ma) and ME (1804 ± 16 Ma) underline their coeval nature. Modally, the GGn and the ME represent monzogranite and geochemically, they can be characterized as peraluminous, alkali-calcic, calc-alkaline, and ferroan types. Whole-rock elemental and biotite-zircon geochemistry reveal shallow level emplacement, reduced condition, and low water content of GGn magma similar to anorogenic A-type magma. The hybrid (crustal and mantle mixed) origin for the Paleoproterozoic GGn is envisaged, where synchronous mafic volcanics might have served as potential magma end-member. The present and published geochemical and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic record on the Lesser Himalayan felsic-mafic magmatic rocks propose a viable petrogenetic model for the evolution of Paleoproterozoic NIB crust that formed dominantly by the melting of ancient and juvenile crustal sources during 1.8-1.9 Ga.

The petrogenesis and dynamic setting of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) is widely debated. As a typical Archean terrane in the northeastern North China Craton (NCC), the southern Jilin Province area underwent multi-stage magmatism during the Neoarchean and is therefore a promising region in which to track the Neoarchean evolution of the NCC. This study investigates the petrogenesis of late Neoarchean TTGs and associated monzogranites and their tectonic implications. Zircon U-Pb dating results suggest that the TTGs and monzogranites have emplacement ages of 2.55-2.52 and 2.53-2.51 Ga, respectively. The TTGs have variable SiO2 (61.7-73.3 wt%) and MgO (0.66-2.74 wt%) contents and Mg# values of 33-50. Most have high Sr and low Y and Yb contents, with high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios. The TTGs have variable εHf(t) (+0.7 to + 8) and εNd(t) (−2.77 to + 2.79) values. These characteristics, together with the results of thermodynamic partial-melting modelling, indicate that the TTGs can be classified as medium- and low- pressure types and were likely generated by amphibole-breakdown partial melting of 2.9-2.7 Ga juvenile basaltic rocks under P-T conditions of 1.0 ± 0.1 GPa and 880 ± 50 °C. The monzogranites have higher SiO2 (66.1-76.0 wt%) and K2O (4.03-5.06 wt%) and lower TFe2O3 (0.89-4.97 wt%) and MgO (0.21-1.27 wt%) contents. They also have high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios and variable εHf(t) (+0.6 to + 5.4) and εNd(t) (−3.47 to − 0.15) values. The geochemical and Hf-Nd isotopic compositions of the monzogranites indicate that the parental magmas may have been derived through the partial melting of thickened lower crust with heterogeneous sources. The high thermal gradient (>730 °C/GPa−1), anticlockwise metamorphic P-T paths, and 3.4-3.2 Ga remanent zircons in the region suggest that a late Neoarchean thickened lower crust was the likely geodynamic setting for the generation of the TTGs and monzogranites.

Metasediments in collisional orogens critically record tectonic conditions during sediment formation and the thermal evolution during orogenesis. However, Precambrian metasediments can be difficult to date to a reasonable precision. Maximum depositional ages based on detrital zircon can vary considerably from sample to sample, even within a single formation. Although associated igneous bodies can yield depositional ages, their relationship with associated metasediments can be hard to constrain in poly-deformed terranes, as thrusting leads to the imbrication of rocks of different origins and ages. We present new U-Pb zircon ages for metasediments and tectonically-intercalated basement rocks from the Neoproterozoic Southern Brasília Orogen, West Gondwana, and explore the challenges of dating metasedimentary sequences in collisional orogens more widely. Our approach has been to constrain a metasedimentary succession based on field and petrographic analyses and to consider the youngest detrital zircon age, of all samples, as the maximum depositional age. Most samples yield youngest ages older than the maximum depositional age and are thus referred to as “apparent” maximum depositional ages. This results from the age distributions in the source regions, where there is major peak magmatism at ∼ 2.2-2.1 Ga, and small volumes of rocks with younger ages. Hence, apparent maximum depositional ages of ∼ 2.1 Ga, common in the studied succession, appear to be related to source characteristics. Five metasedimentary rocks were analyzed here, three yielded apparent maximum depositional ages between 1.8 and 1.6 Ga, and two samples provided ages of ∼ 1.0 Ga, considered the maximum depositional age. The Archean-Paleoproterozoic basement of the Southern Brasília Orogen is the main source region for overlying Neoproterozoic metasedimentary successions, with some material derived from the adjacent Southern São Francisco Craton. P-T obtained for the studied succession is consistent with sedimentary facies and geochronological studies that suggest it is the passive margin of the Southern São Francisco Craton.

The IC iron meteorite group is characterized utilizing nucleosynthetic mass-independent isotopic compositions and 182W age constraints, coupled with siderophile element concentration measurements and modeling of crystal-liquid fractionation processes. The six IC irons analyzed, Arispe, Bendego, Chihuahua City, Nocoleche, NWA 2743, and Winburg have indistinguishable Mo and W genetic isotopic compositions and are consistent with derivation from the same parent body, which formed in the non-carbonaceous (NC) nebular reservoir. A pre-exposure µ182W value (parts-per-million deviations in isotopic ratios from terrestrial standards) for the six IC irons of −337 ± 5 corresponds to a metal-silicate segregation age of 1.0 ± 0.4 Myr after calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) formation. This age is similar to those determined for other NC iron groups. Siderophile element abundances of the IC irons are generally similar and characterized by minor depletions in the more volatile siderophile elements. Highly siderophile element (HSE) distributions among the IC group suggest that the initial parent body core was S-rich, with preferred model results indicating an initial melt composition with ∼ 18 wt% S, 2 wt% P and 0.03 wt% C. Processes in addition to fractional crystallization, such as late-stage parent body modification, possibly as a result of impacts, and subsequent metal-melt mixing, are required within the first 100 Myr of Solar System history to explain the range of HSE abundances.

Geochemical and isotopic fluid signatures from a 2.9-3.2 km deep, 45-55 °C temperature, hypersaline brine from Moab Khotsong gold and uranium mine in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa were combined with radiolytic and water-rock isotopic exchange models to delineate brine evolution over geologic time, and to explore brine conditions for habitability. The Moab Khotsong brines were hypersaline (Ca-Na-Cl) with 215-246 g/L TDS, and Cl− concentrations up to 4 mol/L suggesting their position as a hypersaline end-member significantly more saline than any previously sampled Witwatersrand Basin fluids. The brines revealed low DIC (∼0.266-∼1.07 mmol/L) with high (∼8.49-∼23.6 mmol/L) DOC pools, and several reduced gaseous species (up to 46 % by volume H2) despite microoxic conditions (Eh = 135-161 mV). Alpha particle radiolysis of water to H2, H2O2, and O2 along with anhydrous-silicate-to-clay alteration reactions predicted 4 mol/L Cl− brine concentration and deuterium enrichment in the fracture waters over a period > 1.00 Ga, consistent with previously reported 40Ar noble gas-derived residence times of 1.20 Ga for this system. In addition, radiolytic production of 7-26 nmol/(L × yr) H2, 3-11 nmol/(L × yr) O2, and 1-8 nmol/(L × yr) H2O2 was predicted for 1-100 g/g 238U dosage scenarios, supporting radiolysis as a significant source of H2 and oxidant species to deep brines over time that are available to a low biomass system (102-103 cells/mL). The host rock lithology was predominately Archaean quartzite, with minerals exposed on fracture surfaces that included calcite, pyrite, and chlorite. Signatures of 18Ocalcite, 13Ccalcite, Δ33Spyrite, 34Spyrite and 87Sr/86Sr obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microanalyses suggest several discrete fluid events as the basin cooled from peak greenschist conditions to equilibrium with present-day brine temperatures. The brine physiochemistry, geochemistry, and cellular abundances were significantly different from those of a younger, shallower, low salinity dolomitic fluid in the same mine, and both were different from the mine service water. These results indicate the discovery of one of few long-isolated systems that supports subsurface brine formation via extended water-rock interaction, and an example of a subsurface brine system where abiotic geochemistry may support a low biomass microbial community.

We present detrital-zircon U-Pb geochronology from the Mississippi, Mobile, and Apalachicola rivers, as well as five beach and barrier island deposits to determine sediment sources, alongshore transport, and sediment mixing in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River has a distinct age spectrum defined by prominent Cenozoic and Mesozoic populations coupled with minor Appalachian (490-270 Ma), Grenville (1200-900 Ma), Granite-Rhyolite (1500-1300 Ma), and Yavapai-Mazatzal (1800-1600 Ma) populations. The Mobile and Apalachicola rivers exhibit age spectra containing few to no Cenozoic grains, are proportionately dominated by Appalachian and Grenville populations, and have minor populations consisting of Iaptian Rifting/Gondwanan (850-550 Ma), Granite-Rhyolite, and Yavapai-Mazatzal ages. Comparison of U-Pb age spectra and inverse mixing models shows that beach and barrier island deposits are primarily derived of material from the Apalachicola River, with Mobile River contribution being dependent on geographic position west of Mobile Bay. Minor Mississippi River contribution in coastal deposits results from shelf bypass to deep marine sinks and when present is likely associated with recycling of Coastal Plain strata. Metamorphic zircon grain abundance (14-36%) in coastal deposits and chemical-age relationships to southern Appalachian eastern Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmont provinces corroborate Apalachicola and or Mobile river system provenance. Results from this study suggest that anthropogenic influences and hurricanes have little to no effect on the detrital-zircon age spectra at a regional scale, and that the northeastern Gulf of Mexico can be used as an analog for older Cenozoic and Mesozoic source to sink investigations in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain.

Whether Archean tectonics were horizontally or vertically dominated is controversially discussed because arguments bear on the kinematics and thermal state of the Archean mantle and constrain the mode of formation of the earliest continental crust. Highly deformed strata of Archean greenstone belts figure prominently in this debate because they record long periods of time and multiple deformation phases. Among the best-preserved greenstone belts counts the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) of southern Africa. Geological mapping of part of the southern BGB in Eswatini (Swaziland), combined with U-Pb zircon dating, shows that the region preserves a tightly re-folded imbricate thrust stack in which metavolcanic and -volcaniclastic strata of the Onverwacht Group, deposited at 3.34-3.29 Ga, have been thrust on top of ca. 3.22 Ga siliciclastic strata of the Moodies Group. The structurally highest element, the Malolotsha Syncline, forms a tectonic klippe of substantial size and is >1,450 m thick. Forward modeling of a balanced cross section indicates that this thrust stack was part of a northwestward-verging orogen along the southern margin of the BGB and records a minimum horizontal displacement of 33 km perpendicular to its present-day faulted, ductily strained and multiply metamorphosed margin. Because conglomerate clasts indicate a significantly higher degree of prolate strain which extends further into the BGB than at its northern margin, late-stage tectonic architecture of the BGB may be highly asymmetrical. Our study documents that the BGB, and perhaps other Archean greenstone belts, preserves a complex array of both vertically- and horizontally-dominated deformation styles that have interfered with each other at small regional and short temporal scales.

Garnets that common constituent of skarn type iron deposits are wide ranges of chemical compositions, and they are also important as a semi-gemstone mineral. This study has been investigated garnets and inclusions of its formed in contacts of Pertek granitoid and Keban marble by using a combination of multiple techniques including Raman spectrum, electron microprobe, petrography and LA-ICP-MS. The main mineral assemblage observed in the skarn formation is diopside, garnet, quartz, magnetite, calcite and pyrite. The garnets are in size between 1 and 7 cm and have reddish, greenish and light-dark brown colour. The compositions of the garnets are mainly grossular-andradite, andradite-grossular, less grossular and andradite. Increased porosity and horizontal flow of hydrothermal fluids during metasomatism resulted in the formation of garnets of different sizes. Raman spectroscopy studies on garnets show to be that the idiomorphic and semi-idiomorphic garnets are predominantly grosular, andradite and uvarovite in the core. Raman spectroscopy studies on garnets showed to have predominantly grossular, andradite and uvarovite composition in the core of the idiomorphic and semi-idiomorphic garnets. As for the rare earth element (REE) analysis and distribution model, the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of all garnets in the study area have similar trends and generally in the right-slopping shape depleted in HREE and enriched in LREE, mostly controlled by adsorption. High Fe2O3, CaO and MgO contents may cause to high mobility during skarn formation associated with contact metamorphism and cation exchange via hydrothermal fluids (eg uvarovite in the core). All garnets have generally positive Ce and positive Eu anomalies. These results suggest that the garnets in the studya area formed in conditions showing increase in pH and high oxygen fugacity or decrease in temperature in the source of the hydrothermal fluids.

We studied the feasibility of using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) for U-Pb dating of vertebrate and invertebrate apatite fossils. Two specimens of Carcharodon Carcharias from Pleistocene (2.58-0.01 Ma) sediments in Baja California peninsula, Mexico, give Gelasian ages of 2.0 ± 0.4 Ma and 2.0 ± 0.6 Ma which are consistent with the palaeontologic record reported for this species suggesting that the U-Pb system in the shark teeth remained closed until the present. Dentine data from an Oligocene (33.9-23.0 Ma) shark tooth, Otodus angustidens, from El Cien Formation, Mexico, give an anomalously young age of 19 ± 0.2 Ma with a low 207Pb/206Pb value of 0.65. This age is largely controlled by a sub-population of anomalously radiogenic data with low concentrations of U and Pb suggesting remobilization of Pb from high to low U domains. Regressing relatively non-radiogenic data from high U and Pb domains using a fixed average crustal value for initial common 207Pb/206Pb gives an age of 28.6 ± 0.2 Ma, which agrees with U-Pb zircon ages from tuff horizons in the sequence. Enamel from the same shark tooth is much lower in U and Pb and shows evidence for substantial mixing with radiogenic Pb from the dentine. Apatite shells from a brachiopod specimen, Lingula cobourgensis, and conodont fossils contain high U concentrations and significant proportions of radiogenic Pb. Some conodont specimens show high Th/U ratios combined with evidence of significant excess 206Pb. The amount of excess 206Pb requires a minimum Th partition coefficient of about 16,000 and likely much higher suggesting enrichment by ion exchange rather than recrystallization. In some cases conodonts with low Th/U can be precisely dated. A specimen of I. simulator gives an age of 302 ± 4 Ma which is consistent with its well constrained Gzhelian range (303.7-298.9 Ma). We conclude that processing LA-ICPMS data at the single cycle level allows more precise absolute dating of fossils. In some cases, separate regression of totally reset and partially reset domains can resolve ages of early and late diagenesis.

Adakitic and potassic magmatic rocks are widespread in the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau, and their petrogenesis might provide potential insights into the deep crustal processes. However, the detailed spatiotemporal distributions of these rocks and their controlling mechanisms remain ambiguous. Here we report geochemical data, zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic compositions of east-west (E-W) directed Qunrang monzonite porphyry dikes located in the Tethyan Himalaya. These rocks are acid and potassic with low Mg, low abundances of compatible elements, low Y and HREE, but with high Al, high Sr (822-1386 ppm) and Ba (2027-6091 ppm), high Th (62-84 ppm), U (9-16 ppm) and Th/U ratios (4-7), and thus high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios. The above geochemical features, combined with their negative whole-rock εHf(t) values (−3.9 to −4) and negative to small positive zircon εHf(t) values (−7.2 to +0.5), suggest that they were derived from partial melting of a thickened lower continental crust consisting mainly of garnet-amphibolite which were triggered and hybridized by underplating enriched mantle-derived shoshonitic melts. Zircon U-Pb ages of the Qunrang monzonite porphyry yielded a weighted mean age of 10.02 ± 0.33 Ma. Based on these observations, synthesized with the spatiotemporal distribution of the Oligocene-Miocene adakitic and potassic rocks in the southern Tibet, we propose that lateral detachment and longitudinal tearing processes might be potentially accounted for the eastward and southward younging trend of these magmatic rocks, whereas slab rollback and hinge advance might result in the unique E-W directed Qunrang adakite-like potassic dikes and the northward reversal younging trend.

In many biogenic and geogenic materials, ion impurities can provide serviceable proxies for environmental conditions. However, the element/Ca ratios of bivalve shells are notoriously challenging to interpret. Due to strong vital effects, nonclassical nucleation and growth mechanisms, and/or kinetic processes, the concentration of trace and minor elements in marine shells typically remains below values observed in inorganic CaCO3 precipitated from a solution resembling seawater chemistry but above those expected for thermodynamic equilibrium. The interpretation is further complicated by non-lattice bound and microstructure-specific element content. If environmental conditions were still encoded in the shells, they should result in statistically significantly reproducible element/Ca chronologies between contemporaneous specimens from the same site. Here, we tested this hypothesis and exemplarily studied seven elements in twelve modern specimens of Arctica islandica collected from four different localities in the North Atlantic (Faroe Islands, NE Iceland, Isle of Man, Gulf of Maine). Age-detrended chronologies of weighted annual B, Mg, Sr and Ba/Ca ratios (Al, Zn and Pb largely remained below detection limit) measured in the shells were reproducible between most specimens from the same site, supporting the hypothesis that the incorporation of these elements was at least partly controlled by environmental forcings. Notably, the agreement (explored with linear regression analyses and sign tests) between shell element/Ca ratios and environmental quantities was weaker than the agreement of respective element/Ca ratios between specimens suggesting that the available information on temperature, food and water chemistry did not properly reflect the in-situ conditions to which the bivalves were exposed or other extrinsic factors were at work. As in inorganic aragonite - but in contrast to thermodynamic expectations -, annual Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and B/Ca ratios were negatively correlated to water temperature (up to 40% explained variability). The link between Ba/Ca and bulk phytoplankton often remained below the significance threshold, but was otherwise positive. Quantitative environmental reconstructions based on ion impurities in bivalve shells will remain challenging or impossible unless the chemistry of the parent solution (= extrapallial fluid) from which the shell actually formed is known, including temporal changes thereof. This information is crucial to compute representative partition coefficients required to calibrate transfer functions.

The Paleoproterozoic strata on the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) comprise a relatively intact low-grade (meta-)sedimentary sequence, but whether there are breaks in the sequence and the tectonic setting in which the sequence was deposited are uncertain. In this study, we use zircon U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic analysis to constrain the provenance, depositional age, and depositional environment of the Paleoproterozoic strata, and discuss the likely tectonic setting of sedimentation on the northern margin of the NCC during the Paleoproterozoic. The distribution of detrital zircon ages shows that the lower meta-feldspathic sandstone unit of the Paleoproterozoic sequence was deposited after ca. 2.2 Ga, whereas the maximum depositional age of (meta-)quartz siltstone and quartzites were around 1.89 Ga and at from ca. 1.86 to 1.81 Ga, respectively. Integration of our new U-Pb and Hf isotope data with literature data from other regions of the NCC, allow us to demonstrate that the Paleoproterozoic strata experienced a depositional environment between ca. 2.2-1.81 Ga in an extensional basin system. This suggests that the northern margin of the NCC evolved from an extensional tectonic setting, possibly related to slab rollback. Subsequently, the Paleoproterozoic sequence was affected by a ∼1.8 Ga metamorphic event to form these (meta-)sedimentary rocks in the region.

The Tongshanling ore field is one of the most representative W-Sn-Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits in the central-western Nanling Ore Belt, which developed multiple mineralization types, including Cu-Pb-Zn (Tongshanling), W-Sn (Weijia), Pb-Zn (Jiangyong), and Mo (Yulong) deposits. Here, we analyzed apatite from the Tongshanling granodiorite and the Weijia granite porphyry, integrating major and trace elements, U-Pb dating, and Nd isotopic analyses to compare the difference in geochronology, magma source, redox environment, and evolution between the Tongshanling and Weijia deposit. The U-Pb dating of the Tongshanling and Weijia apatite samples yield a lower intercept age of 166.2 ± 11.3 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 0.22) and 160.87 ± 8.92 Ma (1σ, MSWD = 0.44) on Tera-Wasserburg diagrams, respectively. The 147Sm/144Nd and 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the Tongshanling apatite samples are 0.136769-0.182878 and 0.512159-0.512246, respectively, with corresponding εNd (t = 166 Ma) ranging from −8.32 to −6.60, suggesting that the Tongshanling granodiorite was produced by partial melting of metaigneous rocks in the deep crust. The Tongshanling apatite shows a right-inclined REE pattern, while the Weijia apatite displays a “V” type REE pattern. The Tongshanling apatite shows higher Eu/Eu* values, and lower Mn and Ce/Ce* values than the Weijia apatite, indicating that the former formed in higher magmatic oxidation state while the latter formed in more reduced conditions. The granodiorite in the Tongshanling deposit is characterized by a lower degree of fractionation than the granite porphyry in the Weijia deposit, of which the Weijia apatite has lower Sr, Mg contents, and higher Y contents. Furthermore, apatite from Cu-bearing granites exhibits lower F/Cl ratios compared to those from W-bearing granites in the South China Block. In the Tongshanling area, apatite from the Tongshanling granodiorite has higher Cl contents than the Weijia apatite, indicating that the crustal basement of the Tongshanling area was affected by the high Cl fluid derived from the Proterozoic oceanic subduction and remelted to form granite in the Mesozoic, while the Weijia granite porphyry formed from remelting of a sedimentary source. The Tongshanling granodiorite and Weijia granite porphyry with different degrees of fractionation, magma source, and halogens contents can be effectively distinguished by the geochemistry of apatite. The difference in trace elements (Sr, Y, Mg, and REE) and isotopes of apatite can be applied to the identification of different types of ore-bearing granites in the Nanling Range.

In this paper, we present mineralogical, whole-rock geochemical, Sr and Pb isotopic, and zircon trace elemental and U-Pb geochronological data for the newly-discovered Pengco listvenite in central Tibet, in an attempt to probe the petrogenesis of listvenite and the tectonic environment. The listvenite is composed of magnesite, quartz and minor dolomite and Cr-spinel. Chemistry of abundant protogenetic Cr-spinel in the Pengco listvenite as well as the whole-rock Cr and Ni concentrations and low rare-earth element contents indicates the harzburgite protolith. Addition of Ca and K and redistribution of Si at sample scale suggest that the formation of Pengco listvenite was not an isochemical process. Serpentinization could partly accounts for the enrichments in some fluid mobile elements before listvenitization. The εHf(t) values of xenocrystic zircons in the Pengco listvenite are dominantly negative, suggesting a continental crustal source. The zircon age spectra and high whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7094-0.7107, and one up to 0.7193) and high 207Pb/204Pb (15.750-15.759), 208Pb/204Pb (39.145-39.215) and 206Pb/204Pb (18.542-18.567) of the Pengco listvenite are similar to those of the Qiangtang continental sediments/upper crust, indicating the terrigenous source of reactant fluids and fluid-assisted solid-state transfer during the formation of listvenite. The Pengco listvenite is likely formed in the forearc extensional environment of the Bangong Meso-Tethyan ocean during the Late Jurassic.

We examine mid-lower crustal xenoliths erupted in Late Pleistocene to Holocene alkali basalt at San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico to investigate the role of partial melt in deep lithospheric deformation. Using major and trace element clinopyroxene chemistry data obtained from LA-ICP-MS and microstructural data obtained from EBSD, we cluster the crustal xenoliths into two groups based on textural and geochemical characteristics: Group (1) largely unfoliated two-pyroxene gabbros with minor amounts of olivine, and Group (2) gabbros with strong compositional foliation and up to 26% modal olivine. We interpret Group 1 xenoliths as representing underplated cumulates from basaltic magmas, whereas petrographic and quantitative microstructural data suggest Group 2 xenoliths record melt infiltration of pre-existing gabbros coeval with deformation, perhaps in a deep crustal shear zone. We propose this shear zone represents a deep lithospheric expression of the active transform plate boundary along the Baja California margin.

This study deals with the age and petrogenesis of mafic-ultramafic intrusions ranging in size from a few meters to 10 km within the Early Carboniferous high-grade gneisses of the Pulur Complex in the Eastern Pontides. The intrusions comprise dunite, wehrlite, gabbronorite, leucogabbro, anorthosite and ilmenite-bearing gabbronorite of cumulus origin, and are crosscut by dikes of ilmenite-bearing gabbronorite, leucogranite and microdiorite. U-Pb dating on zircons from gabbronorite, anorthosite and leucogranite yielded igneous crystallization ages of 322-326 Ma, indicating that the intrusions were emplaced ca. 5-7 Ma after the peak of high-grade metamorphism, and form part of the Late Carboniferous high-volume magmatism in the region. In most cumulate rocks, Cr-Al spinel, olivine and plagioclase were early crystallizing phases, followed by orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and hornblende. Whole rock geochemical data suggest that wehrlite, gabbronorite, leucogabbro and anorthosite stem from a common magma, and ilmenite-bearing gabbronorite and dikes of leucogranite and microdiorite from different magmas. Application of mineral/melt partition coefficients to trace element compositions of clinopyroxene and hornblende in cumulate rocks suggests that the main cumulate body was derived from middle- to high-K calc-alkaline basic melts, and relatively late ilmenite-bearing gabbronorites from hypersthene-normative Ca-rich melts. All the rock types display radiogenic Sr and Pb isotopic signatures, and unradiogenic Nd isotopic ratios, which are indistinguishable from those of the coeval voluminous high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites in the region; the isotopic ratios are probably related to the metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle by sediment-derived melts. We suggest that the parental melts of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions and those of the high-K calc-alkaline granites were genetically related, and melts of the high-K calc-alkaline granites were probably derived from the melting of newly underplated calc-alkaline basic material at lower crustal depths, that were compositionally comparable to the parental magmas of the mafic-ultramafic intrusions.

The Zhilingtou deposit is one of the typical porphyry Mo deposits in South China. Disseminated and veinlet Mo ores occur in the roof pendant of the granite porphyry or the contact between the granite porphyry and the Badu Group gneisses, and some orebodies are cut by adamellite dikes. Here we present zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yielding crystallization ages of 97 ± 1 Ma for the adamellite and 110 ± 1 Ma for the granite porphyry. The adamellite and granite porphyry are metaluminous-peraluminous and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline-shoshonite type. They are characterized by high K2O, K2O + Na2O, FeOT, FeOT/(FeOT + MgO) and zircon saturation temperatures (784-817 °C); low MgO, TiO2, P2O5, Sr/Y and La/Yb values; enrichment in trace elements Rb, Th, U, La, Ce and other large ion lithophile elements; and depletion in Ti, Nb and P and other high field strength elements, revealing a highly fractionated A2-type affinity, formed in an extensional tectonic setting. The zircon εHf(t) values of the adamellite and granite porphyry range from −6.3 to −3.2 and from −10.0 to −4.1, respectively, with two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2 (Hf)) of 1559-1367 Ma and 1802-1430 Ma, respectively. The εNd(t) values of the adamellite and granite porphyry range from −19.0 to −11.5 and from −7.5 to −6.2, respectively, with two-stage Nd model ages (TDM2 (Nd)) of 2435-1835 Ma and 1522-1413, respectively, suggesting that they had mixed sources and were mainly formed by partial melting of a late Paleoproterozoic basement in the lower crust. In combination with previous studies, it can be concluded that after the Early Cretaceous, the subduction orientation of the Izanagi plate changed from oblique to parallel with respect to the continental margin, the slab rollback resulted in large-scale lithospheric extension and thinning, asthenospheric upwelling, and the basaltic magma underwent underplating and induced crustal melting, and finally formed the A-type granitic intrusions and related Mo mineralization systems.

The Yueyawan Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, located in the northern part of Dananhu island arc, is a new case of Cu-Ni mineralization related to Early Permian mafic magmatism in the East Tianshan orogenic belt, NW China. Olivine gabbro, hornblende gabbro, and gabbro are the major rock types of this complex. Disseminated sulfide mineralization with a pentlandite + pyrrhotite + chalcopyrite assemblage occurs in olivine gabbro. Zircon crystals from olivine gabbro yielded a U-Pb age of 275 ± 2 Ma, almost contemporaneous with the postcollisional extension-related Cu-Ni deposits in the East Tianshan nickel belt (e.g., Tulaergen, Xiangshan, Huangshan, Tudun, and Baixintan deposits). The Yueyawan olivine gabbro is characterized by light rare earth element enrichment, pronounced negative Nb-Ta anomalies, low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.703282 to 0.703420, positive εNd(t) values from 3.4 to 7.2, zircon εHf(t) values from + 15.5 to + 18.5, indicating that the parental magma of the Yueyawan intrusion was derived from a metasomatized mantle source, similar to other contemporaneous mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the region. The δ34S values of sulfide of the Yueyawan deposit are similar and vary from 0.60 to 1.85 ‰, which are within the range of typical mantle values as well as that of the country rocks, providing no direct evidence for addition of external sulfur. However, the negative correlation between Se/S (54.01 to 77.56 × 10−6) ratios and sulfur contents in the disseminated sulfides indicate crustal contamination played a critical role for sulfide segregation of the magma. The olivine Fo and Ni contents from sulphide-bearing mafic rocks show a negative correlation. Olivine chemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf-S isotope data indicate that fractional crystallization and crustal contamination played a role in triggering sulfide saturation in the Yueyawan mafic magma.

Compared to calcareous skarn Au-Cu deposits, magnesian skarn (Mg-skarn) Au-Cu deposits are scarce; hence the early evolution of the ore-fluids to late mineralization for the kinds of deposits has been inadequately investigated. Located at the southern margin of the Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt, the Galale Au-Cu deposit contains 32.59 tonnes of gold (average grade 2.04 g/t) and 105,600 tonnes of copper (average grade 0.66 %). The orebodies are hosted in an Mg-skarn with associated minerals, including olivine, pyroxene, garnet, and serpentine, which developed in the contact zone between the granodiorite and dolomite of the Jiega Formation. However, the genetic relationship between the Mg-skarn, granodioritic magma, and Au-Cu mineralization remains unclear. The contribution of early stage ore-forming fluids to late Au-Cu mineralization is still vague. In this study, we present the major and trace element compositions, and U-Pb isotope data for garnets obtained from the Galale deposit. We used the data to define the timing, nature, and evolution of early ore-forming fluid and described the genesis of the deposit. The color, at macro- and micro-scales, and chemical composition of the garnets can be used to divide them into two categories, namely early Al-rich Grt-I type garnets, and late stage Fe-rich Grt-II type garnets. In practice, Grt-I (And29.5∼56.1Gro41.3∼68.0Pra1.6∼2.8) and Grt-II (And96.7∼99.9Gro0∼2.7Pra0.1∼0.7) are grossular-andradite solid solution system garnets. Based on the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, Grt-I can be further divided into two sub-classes: Grt-I-1 domain in the core, enriched in HREEs and U, and Grt-I-2 material in the rim, relatively depleted in HREEs. Grt-II is enriched in LREEs and depleted in HREEs. Eu anomalies are slightly negative for the Grt-I-1 domain, weakly positive for the Grt-I-2 domain, and strongly negative for the Grt-II type garnets. The variations in texture and composition in garnets indicated that the formation of Grt-I garnets occurred during diffusive metasomatism in a relatively closed system, in a moderately oxidized ore-forming fluid setting. The formation of Grt-II occurred in a strongly oxidized setting during advective metasomatism in an open system. The enrichment of REE and U in Grt-I garnets was mainly controlled by a “menzerite” type substitution mechanism, partially explaining the strong positive correlation between Mg and REE concentrations. In the Grt-II type garnets, enrichment may also have been co-controlled by coupling substitution and adsorption. In situ U-Pb dating of garnet shows that Grt-I-1 and Grt-I-2 material has isotopic ages of 92 ± 2 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.85) and 91 ± 2 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 0.96), respectively. The results were consistent with the previous ages obtained from the granodiorite and Molybdenite using Re-Os isotopic dating within error. This indicates that magma, skarn alteration, and mineralization were spatially and temporally related. In addition, it indicates that the Galale deposit is a typical Mg-skarn Au-Cu deposit. In the earliest stages of deposit development, ore-forming fluids with a high oxygen fugacity (fO2) have inherited their characteristics from the magma. The crystallization of many magnetites during the oxide stage has decreased oxygen fugacity in the metallogenetic system. This has resulted in a relatively low fO2 fluid for Au-Cu precipitation. The study demonstrates that the ore-fluid fO2 plays a vital role in metal migration, hence Au-Cu mineralization in Mg-skarn deposits.

Multi-period mineralizations commonly form superimposed deposits in the orogenic belt, resulting in some disputes about the ore geneses and metallogenic background. Here, we present a comprehensive geological and geochronological study on the Yindongpo super-large gold deposit in the Tongbai composite orogen, central China, to reveal the ages of multi-period gold mineralizations and their links to the complex tectonic evolution framework of the Tongbai orogen. The Yindongpo gold deposit is located in the Weishancheng ore field in the northern segment of the Tongbai orogen and is mainly hosted in the carbonaceous schist of the Waitoushan Formation. Zircon U-Pb dating of leptynite (445 ± 3 Ma) from the Waitoushan Formation shows that it was deposited in the Ordovician, in an island arc or back-arc basin setting during the accretionary orogeny. Orebodies at Yindongpo are strictly controlled by the Zhuzhuang anticline and related fault systems, and are mainly distributed in the turning end, the collapsed part of the dipping end, and the conjugate thrust shear zone of the limbs. Based on field and petrographic observations, two periods of mineralization and four paragenetic stages (stage I to IV) are recognized: the early period consists of the laminated quartz-molybdenite-pyrite stage (I) and laminated-disseminated pyrite stage (II), whereas the late period consists of the quartz-pyrite vein stage (III) and the quartz-polymetallic sulfide vein stage (IV). Molybdenite from stage I has a Re-Os model age of 409 ± 6 Ma, which broadly matches the U-Pb age of intergrown rutile grains (396 ± 4 Ma). These two ages, in combination with the mineralization characteristics, indicate that the early-period gold mineralization was generated by the metamorphism of the accreted terranes during the Early Devonian northward subduction of the oceanic plate. The timing of the late-period mineralization is constrained by the U-Pb age of monazite (127 ± 2 Ma) intergrown with gold-bearing pyrite from stage III and the 40Ar/39Ar ages of ore-related sericite (131 ± 1 Ma) from stage IV and altered sericite (133 ± 1 Ma) from the carbonaceous schist. Combined with the extensive development of coeval granitoids and porphyry Mo deposits in the region, the late-period gold mineralization at Yindongpo belongs to a unified large-scale metallogenic event related to the Early Cretaceous intensive granitic magmatism in an extensional tectonic setting. The results presented here thus reveal two discrete mineralization processes at Yindongpo related to the Tongbai composite orogeny: the early mineralization of Devonian accretionary orogeny and the later mineralization of Cretaceous intracontinental orogeny. Our study contributes to the knowledge of superimposed metallogenesis in composite orogen, and also highlights the decisive role of multi-mineral isotopic dating in revealing the metallogenic epoch of superimposed deposits.

LaTiO2N is modified by Mg doping to construct solid solution series, i.e., LaTi1−xMgxO2+yN1−y (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). This modification effectively decreases the defect concentration (particularly bulk Ti3+ species and anion vacancies), increases the surface hydrophilicity, positively shifts the valence band top albeit it also enlarges the bandgap and induces Ti/Mg ordering when x ≥ 0.2. These competitive tensions render an optimal composition at LaTi0.9Mg0.1O2+yN1−y (x = 0.1) where both a low defect concentration and a disordered state of Ti/Mg can be reached, demonstrating much-improved photocarrier separation and exceptional photocatalytic activity with apparent quantum efficiency as high as 13.02 % at 420 ± 20 nm for O2-evolution. Overall water splitting (H2/O2 molar ratio = 2/1) with good recycling stability has been realized by integrating LaTi0.9Mg0.1O2+yN1−y into a Z-scheme system. These findings justify the efficacy of Mg as a useful modulator to improve the photocatalytic performance of metal oxynitrides.

New 187Re-187Os, 87Rb-87Sr, triple O-isotope isotope, bulk rock highly siderophile- (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re), major- and trace-element abundance data are reported for a variety of carbonaceous, ordinary and enstatite chondrite meteorites. In addition, new mineral chemical data are reported for the Chelyabinsk LL5 ordinary chondrite fall for comparison with existing chondrite data and to investigate element sequestration into metal and mineral phases within some chondrites. The focus of the study is to link the variations observed in the HSE abundances and Re-Os isotopes with other isotopic and elemental data to explore the relative roles of sample sizes, terrestrial alteration and parent body processes more fully on chondrite meteorite compositions. Trace element variations in Chelyabinsk silicate, oxide and metal grains highlight the importance of geochemical heterogeneity imparted by mineralogical variations and mode effects, as well as sample size. Using a range of sample powder aliquot sizes, it is possible to show that this becomes significant for the HSE at

This paper presents Nd-Hf isotopic data for granitic rocks of both the Matupá (∼1859-1881 Ma) and Teles Pires (∼1790-1793 Ma) intrusive suites located in the south-central region of the Amazonian Craton, central Brazil. The Matupá Intrusive Suite consists of two facies of I-type granites with calc-alkaline affinity emplaced in volcanic arc settings. Facies 1 is composed of syenogranite and monzogranite, and facies 2 is composed of granodiorite. The Teles Pires Intrusive Suite varies from syenogranite to monzogranite with calc-alkaline signature that is consistent with mature magmatic arc settings. The Matupá Intrusive Suite derives from a source with Hf model ages ranging between 2.4-1.91 Ga and εHf (t) between +5.71 and −5.50. Zircon grains in the Matupá Intrusive Suite that are correlatable with the Creporizão Intrusive Suite show Hf model ages of between 2.0 to 2.4, and εHf (t) of −3.76 to + 4.10, while the zircon grains correlatable with the Tropas Intrusive Suite show Hf model ages of 2.1 to 2.4 Ga and εHf(t) of −3.93 to + 2.50. Both facies of the Matupá Intrusive Suite provide εNd (t) values varying from −0.61 to −1.66. The wide range of εHf (t) values (from −5.50 to +5.71) in contrast to the uniformly negative εNd (t) values (from −1.66 to −0.61) of the Matupá Intrusive Suite suggest that Nd-Hf decoupling took place in the magma source during to magma mixing processes. Nd-Hf isotope analyses of the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite reveal a source with Hf model age of between 2.3 and 1.9 Ga. This is indicative of mantle contribution and crustal reworking with values of εHf (t) ranging from +7.17 to −3.3, while other values suggest a more crustal contribution with εNd (t) from −0.07 to −0.71. Crustal contribution in the genesis and magmatic evolution of the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite is also evidenced due to the presence zircon grains inherited from Matupá Intrusive Suite. Zircon inheritance record a distant parental source coeval with the Matupá Intrusive Suite. This paper proposes that the origin and evolution of the Matupá Intrusive Suite is linked to the Cuiú-Cuiú Magmatic Arc while the origin and evolution of the Teles Pires Intrusive Suite is linked to the Juruena Magmatic Arc. Another hypothesis is that both suites were generated and evolved from a single magmatic arc. The Juruena Magmatic Arc is divided into two geographic segments. An eastern segment with a magmatic evolution marked by the interaction of crustal components during the orogenic phase of the Cuiú-Cuiú Magmatic Arc (Tapajós Domain of the Tapajós-Parimá Tectonic Province), and a western segment whose magmatic evolution is marked by rebound of the Juruena Magmatic Arc.